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In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural ''lemmas'' or ''lemmata'') is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of words (headword). In English, for example, ''run'', ''runs'', ''ran'' and ''running'' are forms of the same lexeme, with ''run'' as the lemma. ''Lexeme'', in this context, refers to the set of all the forms that have the same meaning, and ''lemma'' refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme. In lexicography, this unit is usually also the ''citation form'' or headword by which it is indexed. Lemmas have special significance in highly inflected languages such as Arabic, Turkish and Russian. The process of determining the ''lemma'' for a given word is called lemmatisation. The lemma can be viewed as the chief of the principal parts, although lemmatisation is at least partly arbitrary. == Morphology == In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g., ''mouse'' rather than ''mice''. For multi-word lexemes that contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun ''one'': e.g., ''do one's best'', ''perjure oneself''. In languages with grammatical gender, the citation form of regular adjectives and nouns is usually the masculine singular. If the language additionally has cases, the citation form is often the masculine singular nominative. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French ', German ', Spanish '. In English it usually is the bare infinitive (that is, lacking the ''to'' which customarily precedes English infinitives); the present tense is used for some defective verbs (''shall'', ''can'', and ''must'' have only the one form). In Latin, Ancient Greek, and Modern Greek (which has no infinitive), however, the first person singular present tense is normally used, though occasionally the infinitive may also be seen. (For contracted verbs in Greek, an uncontracted first person singular present tense is used to reveal the contract vowel, e.g. ''philéō'' for ''philō'' "I love" (affection ); ''agapáō'' for ''agapō'' "I love" (regard )). In Japanese, the non-past (present and future) tense is used. The form that is chosen to be the lemma is usually the least marked form, though there are occasional exceptions; e.g., Finnish dictionaries list verbs not under the verb root, but under the first infinitive marked with ''-(t)a'', ''-(t)ä''. In Arabic, which has no infinitives, the third person singular masculine of the past tense is the least-marked form, and is used for entries in modern dictionaries. In older dictionaries, which are still commonly used today, the triliteral of the word, either a verb or a noun, is used. Hebrew often uses the 3rd person masculine ''qal'' perfect, e.g., ברא ''bara' '' create, כפר ''kaphar'' deny. Georgian uses the verbal noun. For Korean, ''-da'' is attached to the stem. In the Irish language words are highly inflected depending on their case (genitive, nominative, dative, and vocative); they are also inflected on their place within a sentence due to the presence of initial mutations. The noun ''cainteoir'', the lemma for the noun meaning "speaker", has a variety of forms: ''chainteoir'', ''gcainteoir'', ''cainteora'', ''chainteora'', ''cainteoirí'', ''chainteoirí'' and ''gcainteoirí''. Some phrases are cited in a sort of lemma, e.g., ''Carthago delenda est'' (literally, "Carthage must be destroyed") is a common way of citing Cato, although what he said was nearer to ''Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam'' ("As to the rest, I hold that Carthage must be destroyed"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lemma (morphology)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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